Some share how the calculation was performed and on which data set. Non-governmental organizations apply the calculation to various samples. Others are based on a sample from the entire working population of a country (including part-time workers), in which case the full-time equivalent (FTE) is used to obtain the remuneration for an equal amount of paid hours worked. Some countries use only the full-time working population for the calculation of national gender gaps.
It is usually represented as either a percentage or a ratio of the "difference between average gross hourly earnings of male and female employees as % of male gross earnings". The non-adjusted gender pay gap or gender wage gap is typically the median or mean average difference between the remuneration for all working men and women in the sample chosen. Ī 2011 study by the British CMI concluded that if pay growth continues for female executives at current rates, the gap between the earnings of female and male executives would not be closed until 2109. Īnother meta-analysis of 41 empirical studies on the wage gap performed in 1998 found a similar time trend in estimated pay gaps, a decrease of roughly 1% per year. better education, training, and work attachment). The bulk of this decline, was due to better labor market endowments of women (i.e. Ī 2005 meta-analysis by Doris Weichselbaumer and Rudolf Winter-Ebmer of more than 260 published pay gap studies for over 60 countries found that, from the 1960s to the 1990s, raw (aka non-adjusted) wage differentials worldwide have fallen substantially from around 65% to 30%. In Northern and Western Europe, the ratio was far higher but it declined over the period 1500–1800. Īccording to a 2021 study on historical gender wage ratios, women in Southern Europe earned approximately half that of unskilled men between 13. Analysis from the Institute for Women’s Policy Research published in 2017 predicted that average pay would reach parity in 2059. In 2016, women's median earnings had increased to 79% of men's. According to US census data, women's median earnings in 1963 were 56% of men's. In the United States, women's pay has increased relative to men since the 1960s. Historical perspective Women's weekly earnings as a percentage of men's in the U.S. It is particularly studied in developing nations. It is often studied from a public policy perspective as it causes women to thus have lower savings than males and an increased reliance upon welfare payments, especially in old age. These include topics such as sex discrimination, the motherhood penalty, and maternity leave. The reasons for the gap link to legal, social and economic factors. When adjusted for factors such as difference in hours worked, occupations chosen, education, job experience, and occupational danger levels, adjusted female incomes arrive at 95-99% of those of males. In the United States, for example, the average female salary is 83% of that of a male.
Gross female incomes are typically lower than male incomes. The gender pay gap or gender wage gap is the average disparity between the income received by working males and females.
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